Write short
notes of any four tragedies of William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare’s four
tragedies have been briefly given in this essay. They are Hamlet, Prince of
Denmark, Othello, the Moor of Venice, ‘King Lear’ and Macbeth, William
Shakespeare, the greatest of the English playwrights and poets was born in the
year 1564 at Stratford upon Avon
in English. At nineteen he married Anne Hathaway, a woman eight years his
senior. Shakespeare composed his greatest tragedies such as Macbeth, King Lear,
Hamlet and Othello during the eight years from 1601 to 1608.
In the play Hamlet, Shakespeare describes the tragic story of the prince
of Denmark
whose father the King of Denmark is brutally murdered by the king’s brother and
uncle of Hamlet and young Hamlet had to confront with a lot of obstacle which
led to the tragedy of the unfortunate prince Hamlet. Prince Hamlet is depressed having been
summoned to Denmark urgently
from his school in Germany
to attend his father’s funeral, and he is shocked to find his mother Gertrude
already remarried. The queen has wed Hamlet’s uncle Claudius, the dead king’s
brother! To Hamlet, the marriage is
“foul incest”. Worse all, Claudius has had himself crowned King of Denmark. It
is a violation of the rule of inheritance which says Prince Hamlet is his
father’s heir to the throne. Hamlet suspects foul play. In the dead of night
the ghost of Hamlet’s father visits the castle of Elsinore
and confirms Hamlet’s suspicions. The ghost tells Hamlet that he is unable to
rest in peace because he was murdered by his brother Claudius, the present king
of Denmark .
The ghost requests his son Hamlet to avenge his murder but to spare Gertrude,
Hamlet’s mother, to let Heaven decide her fate.
Hamlet pretends to be made and
this madness is a kind of mask for him to observe the intrigues in the castle of Ellsinore . In order to test the ghost’s sincerity, Hamlet has arranged to stage a play “The
Mousetrap” in which the scenes of the murder as described by the ghost of his
father has been added. It is a tremendous success. The guilt of Claudius is
well reflected on the king’s face. Hamlet resolves to kill his uncle Claudius. But
as Hamlet observes “conscience doth make cowards of us all”. In his reluctance, Hamlet actually causes six
ancillary deaths. The first death is Polonius whom Hamlet stabs through a wall
hanging as the old man spies on Hamlet and his mother Gertrude in the queen’
chamber. Ophelia, the daughter of Polonius is gone mad and drowns in the river
singing sad love songs cursing the fate of a spurned lover Hamlet. Her brother
Laertes falls next. In the duel, Laertes drops his poisoned sword. Hamlet
retrieves the sword and cuts Laerts. The lethal poison kills Laertes. Before he
dies Laerts tells Hamlet that he was also wounded by the same sword and he
would also die soon. Gertrude, believing that Hamlet’s hitting Laertes means
her son is winning the fencing match, has drunk a toast to her son from the
poisoned cup Claudius had made for Hamlet. Thus the queen dies. Hamlet stabs
Claudius with the poisoned sword and then pours the last of the poisoned wine
down the throat of the King Claudius.
The duration of the events of the
play Othello is only for
three days. The theme of the play is the jealousy of Othello, the moor of Venice on the chastity of
Desdemona who is far younger and beautiful than the black-skinned Othello who
is the military Captain of the Duke of Venice. Desdemona, the only daughter of
Brabantio, a senator of Venice
is in love with the middle aged Othello and eloped in the night. Iago who wants
to take revenge upon Othello for promoting his junior Cassio as his lieutenant,
becomes the villain of the play.Brabantio complains to the Duke of Venice, but
Desdemona tells the Duke she loves Othello as her husband. Brabantio tells Othello
“Look to Desdemona, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see. She has deceived her
father, and may thee”. The seeds of suspicion fell on the mind of the Moor.
Soon after their wedding, they go to Cyprus . The honeymoon night is
disturbed by the skilful maneuvering of Iago and his assistant Roderigo, a good
for nothing young Venetian who loves Desdemona and is encouraged by Iago to
come to Cyprus .
Iago wants money from Roderigo in return for the chance to meet Desdemona.
Roderigo is a day-dreamer and a rich fool who comes to the sea-port town, Cyprus
with Iago. Every time young Roderigo comes to Iago with a bag full of money and
persuades Iago to give him a chance to fall in love with Desdemona. For Iago,
Roderigo is a goldmine. Iago succeeds in the dismissal of Cassio by Othello and
Iago steps into the shoes of Cassio. Soon Iago has achieved another score by
making Othello believe that Desdemona is in love with Cassio because he is very
young and handsome Venetian. Iago also makes believe Othello that Desdemona does
not love the black skinned old aged Othello and he blindly believes whatever
Iago said about Desdemona. On the third day of their honeymoon night, Othello
smothers Desdemona to death.
Shakespeare has borrowed the
story of the play King Lear
from a very ancient folk-lore of the same title and improvising the theme to
suit English Nationalism. King Lear decided to divide his British kingdom among
his three daughters Goneril, Regan and Cordelia according to their degree of
love for him. Goneril and Regan vie each other in flattering the old king and
he was pleased. But Cordelia said that her love for her father was just as a
child loves its father, no less no more. The furious old king divided his
kingdom between the two daughters and Cordelia was reduced to a beggar. The
king of France is ready to
marry her and Cordelia becomes the queen of France . King Lear has decided to
live with the daughters Goneril and Regan every month alternately. When he
lived with Goneril for a week, the old king saw the wolfish mind of his
daughters and soon he is kicked out of their homes and reduced to the level of
a beggar wandering in the heath in cold night, facing violent wind, lightning
and thunder. The fool alone follows him as his confident, and shadow every
where. Cordelia comes to England with a
French army and in the war the king and Cordelia are taken as prisoners of war.
Cordelia is killed, the king dies of broken heart. Goneril and Regan want to
marry one man Edmund and Goneril poisons Regan to death. Goneril commits
suicide. There is a subplot in the play King Lear. It is the story of the earl
of Gloster and his two sons Edgar and the bastard son Edmond . Gloster’s two eyes are plucked out on
the advice of Edmond by Cornwall , the husband of Regan and while the
blind old man is walking along the way he says “ As flies to wanton boys are we to the gods,
They
kill us for their sport”.
In the play Macbeth, Shakespeare shows his skill as a great poet and
philosopher. In Hamlet and Macbeth, Shakespare uses supernatural elements. In
Hamlet, the ghost of the murdered king of Denmark visits his son Hamlet and
reveals the secret of his death and asks him to avenge the murder. In the play
Macbeth, three witches appear on the heath when Macbeth and Banquo return home
after having won the battle of the day. The witches make prophecies to Macbeth
that he will become the thane of Glamis, thane of Cawdor and the King of
Scotland. Thus the seeds of ambition have been sown in the mind of Macbeth and
they began to grow in time with the help of his wife Lady Macbeth, better known
as the ‘Fourth witch’. Macbeth murders Duncan the king of Scotland when he stays at the palace of Macbeth
as his guest. Thus Macbeth becomes the king and Lady Macbeth the queen of Scotland . Since
then Macbeth and Lady Macbeth lost peace of mind and sleep. Macbeth orders the
murder of Banquo and his son Fleance, but Fleance escapes. The ghost of Banqo
appears in the banquet of the King Macbeth. He goes to witches again and they
assure him that until unless the Birnam wood walks to Dunsnane hills, he cannot
be defeated. They also tell him that no man, who is born of woman can kill him.
On this assurance Macbeth orders the family of Macduff murdered. When he finds
that the witches deceived him, Macbeth is not afraid and the brave soldier
fights alone to death. The somnambulism of Lady Macbeth and the appearance of
ghost of Banqo and the dagger scene have made the play a sublime tragedy.
Kjt/16-02-2015
Really useful one, compact yet packed with important points.Thank You very much for the effort to make the hard one looks so simple. Further, you can access this site to read Othello’s Tragic Flaw
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